AP U.S. History Unit 9: Period 9: 1980-Present Practice Exam

1. [Skill: 4B | Topic: 9.1] "In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem. From time to time we've been tempted to believe that society has become too complex to be managed by self-rule, that government by an elite group is superior to government for, by, and of the people." — Ronald Reagan, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1981 The sentiments expressed in the excerpt best reflect which of the following shifts in the American political landscape during the 1980s?

2. [Skill: 5A | Topic: 9.2] "The 1990s witnessed a transformation in the American workplace. While the assembly lines of the industrial Midwest slowed, office parks in Silicon Valley and the Sun Belt expanded rapidly. The integration of digital technology and the internet created a 'New Economy' that promised efficiency but also fundamentally altered the relationship between workers and employers." Which of the following was a significant long-term effect of the economic changes described in the excerpt?

3. [Skill: 6B | Topic: 9.3] "We must deter and defend against the threat before it is unleashed... We cannot let our enemies strike first... To forestall or prevent such hostile acts by our adversaries, the United States will, if necessary, act preemptively." — The National Security Strategy of the United States, 2002 The foreign policy approach described in the excerpt represents a departure from which previous United States strategy utilized during the Cold War?

4. [Skill: 4.B | Topic: 9.2] "In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem. From time to time we’ve been tempted to believe that society has become too complex to be managed by self-rule, that government by an elite group is superior to government for, by, and of the people. Well, if no one among us is capable of governing himself, then who among us has the capacity to govern someone else?" — Ronald Reagan, First Inaugural Address, January 20, 1981 The sentiments expressed in the excerpt best reflect which of the following shifts in the late 20th century?

5. [Skill: 5.B | Topic: 9.2] "We reject the concept that taxes are the necessary price of a civilized society... We advocate a policy of across-the-board tax reductions... which will immediately stimulate the economy, encourage savings and investment, and create millions of new jobs." — Republican Party Platform, 1980 Which of the following was a significant long-term effect of the economic policies implemented based on the ideas in the excerpt?

6. [Skill: 5.A | Topic: 9.2] "We must reverse the trend America finds herself in today. Young people between the ages of twenty-five and forty have been born and reared in a different world than Americans of years past... The public school system... has become an enemy of the American family... We must bring back the standard of the Word of God to our nation." — Jerry Falwell, *Listen, America!*, 1980 The concerns expressed in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following political developments?

7. <b>Questions 1–3 refer to the excerpts below.</b> <b>Source 1</b> "So, in your discussions of the nuclear freeze proposals, I urge you to beware the temptation of pride—the temptation of blithely declaring yourselves above it all and label both sides equally at fault, to ignore the facts of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire, to simply call the arms race a giant misunderstanding and thereby remove yourself from the struggle between right and wrong and good and evil." — <i>President Ronald Reagan, Address to the National Association of Evangelicals, 1983</i> <b>Source 2</b> "We are looking for a new way to interact with the world... We want to redistribute our resources in favor of the civilian sector... The arms race is a burden on our economy... We are convinced that the security of our country—and of the world—cannot be ensured by military means alone." — <i>Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Speech to the United Nations, 1988</i> <b>1.</b> [Skill: 4.B | Topic: 9.3] The sentiments expressed by President Reagan in Source 1 best reflect which of the following shifts in United States foreign policy during the 1980s?

8. <b>2.</b> [Skill: 5.B | Topic: 9.3] Which of the following best explains how the internal conditions implied in Source 2 contributed to the end of the Cold War?

9. Questions 1–3 refer to the following excerpt. “The Information Superhighway is more than a short-cut to every book in the Library of Congress. It is creating a totally new global marketplace that is watching the death of distance. . . . The information revolution is also changing the nature of money. . . . In the new economy, intellectual capital is becoming the most important asset. The new source of wealth is not material, it is information, knowledge applied to work to create value. . . . We are moving from an economy based on the physical—things you can touch—to an economy based on the mental—things you can know.” — *Walter Wriston, former chairman of Citicorp, 'The Twilight of Sovereignty,' 1992* Which of the following developments best illustrates the economic transformation described in the excerpt?

10. Despite the 'new source of wealth' mentioned in the excerpt, which of the following challenges did the American working and middle classes face during this period (1980–present)?

11. Which of the following best describes a significant economic effect of the migration trends discussed in the excerpt on the United States during the late 20th and early 21st centuries?

12. <b>Questions 1–2 refer to the following excerpt.</b> “Today, the American people know that we are under attack... We need the authority to intercept the communications of terrorists and to track their activities... We must be able to share information between criminal investigators and intelligence officers... These tools will allow us to prevent terrorist attacks, not just respond to them. We are at war, and we must give those charged with protecting our people the tools they need to do their job.” — Attorney General John Ashcroft, Testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee regarding the proposed USA PATRIOT Act, September 25, 2001 Which of the following best describes the primary debate that emerged in the United States as a result of the policy goals expressed in the excerpt?

13. <b>Questions 1–2 refer to the following excerpt.</b> “Today, the American people know that we are under attack... We need the authority to intercept the communications of terrorists and to track their activities... We must be able to share information between criminal investigators and intelligence officers... These tools will allow us to prevent terrorist attacks, not just respond to them. We are at war, and we must give those charged with protecting our people the tools they need to do their job.” — Attorney General John Ashcroft, Testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee regarding the proposed USA PATRIOT Act, September 25, 2001 The sentiments expressed in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following foreign policy developments?

14. <b>Question 3 refers to the following excerpt.</b> “America must have an energy policy that plans for the future, but meets the needs of today. I believe we can develop our natural resources and protect our environment... But we must be realistic. We cannot simply conserve our way to energy independence. We must increase supply at home, but we must also strengthen our energy security by working with our allies and trading partners... Instability in the Middle East has shown us the danger of relying too heavily on foreign oil.” — Excerpt from a speech by a U.S. Senator regarding the Energy Policy Act of 2005 The concerns raised in the excerpt were most directly exacerbated by which of the following historical contexts of the early 21st century?

15. <b>Questions 1–2 refer to the excerpt below.</b><br><br>“In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem. From time to time we’ve been tempted to believe that society has become too complex to be managed by self-rule, that government by an elite group is superior to government for, by, and of the people. Well, if no one among us is capable of governing himself, then who among us has the capacity to govern someone else? ... <br><br>It is my intention to curb the size and influence of the Federal establishment and to demand recognition of the distinction between the powers granted to the Federal Government and those reserved to the States or to the people. All of us need to be reminded that the Federal Government did not create the States; the States created the Federal Government.”<br><br>— President Ronald Reagan, First Inaugural Address, January 20, 1981<br><br>The sentiments expressed in the excerpt best reflect which of the following continuities in United States history?

16. <b>Questions 1–2 refer to the excerpt below.</b><br><br>“In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem... It is my intention to curb the size and influence of the Federal establishment... All of us need to be reminded that the Federal Government did not create the States; the States created the Federal Government.”<br><br>— President Ronald Reagan, First Inaugural Address, January 20, 1981<br><br>Which of the following developments in the late 20th century best explains the electoral success of the political perspective represented in the excerpt?

17. [Skill: 5.B | Topic: 9.5] "The Sunbelt, a region stretching from the Carolinas to California, saw its population explode after 1980. This shift was fueled by the availability of air conditioning, lower taxes, and the growth of defense-related industries. As a result, the region’s representation in the House of Representatives increased significantly, while the 'Rust Belt' of the Northeast and Midwest saw a corresponding decline in influence." — Adapted from a historical analysis of late 20th-century demographics Which of the following was a significant political effect of the trend described in the excerpt?

18. [Skill: 5A | Topic: 9.5] **Table: Changes in Electoral College Votes, 1980–2012** | State | 1980 Electoral Votes | 2012 Electoral Votes | | :--- | :---: | :---: | | Florida | 17 | 29 | | Texas | 26 | 38 | | New York | 41 | 29 | | Pennsylvania | 27 | 20 | | Ohio | 25 | 18 | Which of the following best explains the demographic and political trend illustrated in the table?

19. [Skill: 5B | Topic: 9.4] [Image Cue]: Line graph, "United States Employment by Sector, 1980–2010." The X-axis displays years from 1980 to 2010 in ten-year increments. The Y-axis displays the percentage of the total non-farm workforce. One line, labeled "Manufacturing," starts at approximately 20 percent in 1980 and trends steadily downward to approximately 9 percent by 2010. A second line, labeled "Service-Providing Industries," starts at approximately 70 percent in 1980 and trends steadily upward to approximately 85 percent by 2010. The shifts in the United States economy depicted in the graph most directly contributed to which of the following developments between 1980 and 2010?

20. "General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" — Ronald Reagan, address at the Brandenburg Gate, 1987 The rhetoric in the excerpt most directly reflects which of the following developments in United States foreign policy during the 1980s?

21. The excerpt best reflects which of the following policy goals of the Reagan administration?

22. The ideas expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with the ideology of the

23. The sentiment expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly in response to which of the following?

24. Which of the following pieces of evidence from the period after 1980 best explains the trend in manufacturing employment shown in the graph?

25. The trend in service sector employment shown in the graph was most directly caused by

26. A historian could best use the data in the graph to support a claim about which of the following developments in the late 20th century?

27. Which of the following claims is best supported by the evidence in the excerpt?

28. The developments described in the first paragraph of the excerpt were most directly a result of

29. The "new world order" that Bush describes would soon be challenged most directly by the

30. The demographic patterns shown in the map were caused primarily by which of the following economic developments?

31. The demographic shifts depicted in the map most directly led to which of the following political consequences?

32. In addition to the internal migration shown on the map, the demographic character of the United States was also transformed during this period by

33. Which of the following claims does President Bush make in the excerpt?

34. The policy described in the excerpt led most directly to

35. The policy articulated by President Bush in the excerpt represents a significant shift in U.S. foreign policy by

36. The economic policies of the Reagan administration, known as "Reaganomics," were most consistent with which of the following?

37. The development and widespread adoption of the internet in the 1990s had the most in common with which of the following earlier technological innovations in its effect on American society?

38. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 was an attempt to address which of the following contexts?

39. Debates in the 21st century over issues such as the Patriot Act and government surveillance programs are most similar to historical debates over

40. Which of the following represents the most significant continuity in U.S. foreign policy from the Cold War to the War on Terror?