AP European History Unit 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments Practice Exam

1. The main argument of the passage is that freedom of speech is

2. The ideas expressed in the passage are best understood in the context of which of the following?

3. The political theories expressed in the passage, such as those of John Locke, most directly challenged the

4. Which of the following figures from the Scientific Revolution best exemplifies the "new emphasis on method" described by the author?

5. The author's argument that the Scientific Revolution was a "long and complex process" with "roots in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance" most directly challenges which common misconception?

6. The "new way of knowing" described in the passage most directly led to which of the following developments in the 18th century?

7. The artistic style of the painting is best described as Neoclassicism because it

8. The subject matter and style of the painting represent a significant shift away from the earlier Baroque style, which typically emphasized

9. The population trend demonstrated in the table is best explained by

10. A significant social consequence of the demographic trend shown in the table was

11. The dramatic population increase in Prussia between 1700 and 1800 was accompanied by the rise of that state as a major European power. Which of the following policies of its rulers, such as Frederick the Great, contributed to this development?

12. "The heart of a man is of itself a starting-point of the blood, the prime source of its circulation in the body... Thus the heart is the principle of life, the sun of the microcosm, as the sun in his turn might be called the heart of the world; it is by the heart's virtue and pulse that the blood is moved, perfected, and quickened, and is preserved from corruption and coagulation. It is the household divinity which nourishes, cherishes, and quickens the whole body, the foundation of life, the source of all action." The passage is most representative of the Scientific Revolution because it

13. The proliferation of salons and coffeehouses in the 18th century is best understood in the context of the

14. The development of the heliocentric model of the cosmos by Copernicus and Galileo directly caused

15. A significant difference between the reforms of Joseph II of Austria and those of Frederick the Great of Prussia was that

16. Adam Smith's advocacy for laissez-faire economics in The Wealth of Nations represented a significant challenge to the prevailing 18th-century economic theory of

17. "If I must make a choice, I will have no hesitation in saying that the state of nature is infinitely preferable to the state of society... Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave than they." Rousseau's argument in the passage most directly reflects his belief in

18. The views of Rousseau regarding the role of women in society differed most significantly from those of

19. Despite the rise of the new science in the 17th century, alchemy and astrology continued to appeal to many elites and intellectuals because they

20. The 18th-century consumer revolution was shaped by all of the following EXCEPT