AP European History Unit 6: Industrialization and Its Effects Practice Exam

1. [Skill: 5.A | Topic: 6.1] **Source:** *Official Catalogue of the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations*, London, 1851. "The Great Exhibition... is the first attempt to bring together the industrial products of all the nations of the earth... It is a practical illustration of the state of progress of the world in the arts of life... The industry of the United Kingdom is naturally the most fully represented... showing the power of the steam engine, the strength of iron, and the speed of the locomotive." The economic dominance of Great Britain described in the excerpt was most directly facilitated by which of the following factors in the preceding century?

2. [Skill: 2.C | Topic: 6.1] **Source:** Friedrich List, German economist, *The National System of Political Economy*, 1841. "It is a common device that when anyone has attained the summit of greatness, he kicks away the ladder by which he has climbed up, in order to deprive others of the means of climbing up after him... Any nation which by means of protective duties and restrictions on navigation has raised her manufacturing power and her navigation to such a degree of development that no other nation can sustain free competition with her, can do nothing wiser than to throw away these ladders of her greatness, to preach to other nations the benefits of free trade." The argument expressed in the passage best illustrates which difference between industrialization in Great Britain and in continental Europe?

3. [Skill: 1.B | Topic: 6.1] **Source:** Edwin Chadwick, *Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain*, 1842. "That the various forms of epidemic, endemic, and other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated chiefly amongst the labouring classes by atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population in every part of the kingdom..." The conditions described in the excerpt were a direct result of which of the following developments?

4. [Skill: Comparison | Topic: 6.3] "It is a common device of those who have reached the summit of greatness, to kick away the ladder by which they have climbed up, in order to deprive others of the means of climbing up after them... Any nation which by means of protective duties and restrictions on navigation has raised her manufacturing power and her navigation to such a degree of development that no other nation can sustain free competition with her, can do nothing wiser than to throw away these ladders of her greatness, to preach to other nations the benefits of free trade." Friedrich List, German economist, *The National System of Political Economy*, 1841 The argument presented in the excerpt best illustrates which of the following differences between industrialization in Great Britain and industrialization in continental Europe?

5. [Skill: Causation | Topic: 6.6] "The various forms of epidemic, endemic, and other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated chiefly amongst the labouring classes by atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population in every part of the kingdom..." Edwin Chadwick, *Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain*, 1842 The conditions described in the excerpt were most directly caused by which of the following demographic developments in the nineteenth century?

6. [Skill: Causation | Topic: 6.8] "Question: At what time in the morning, in the brisk time, did those girls go to the mills? Answer: In the brisk time, for about six weeks, they have gone at three o’clock in the morning, and ended at ten, or nearly half past ten at night. Question: What intervals were allowed for rest or refreshment during those nineteen hours of labour? Answer: Breakfast a quarter of an hour, and dinner half an hour, and drinking a quarter of an hour." Testimony given to the Sadler Committee, a parliamentary investigation into factory conditions, 1832 The evidence provided in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following governmental responses?

7. <b>Questions 1–3 refer to the passage below.</b> “Whatever may be the wider causes of the vast growth of the British cotton manufacture, its immediate and proximate causes are to be found in the great natural advantages of Great Britain. . . . We have the physical advantage of a climate which, though not the best for the growth of the plant, is arguably the best for the working of the fiber. . . . But the great advantage of our country is the possession of the most valuable coal mines in the world. . . . The steam engine is the parent of the cotton manufacture; and the steam engine is the offspring of the coal mine. . . . The proximity of the coal fields to the great port of Liverpool, and to the iron districts, has been the master-key to our industrial success.” — Edward Baines, British newspaper editor and politician, <i>History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain</i>, 1835 Based on the excerpt, which of the following best explains why Great Britain was the first European nation to industrialize?

8. <b>Questions 1–3 refer to the passage below.</b> “Whatever may be the wider causes of the vast growth of the British cotton manufacture, its immediate and proximate causes are to be found in the great natural advantages of Great Britain. . . . We have the physical advantage of a climate which, though not the best for the growth of the plant, is arguably the best for the working of the fiber. . . . But the great advantage of our country is the possession of the most valuable coal mines in the world. . . . The steam engine is the parent of the cotton manufacture; and the steam engine is the offspring of the coal mine. . . . The proximity of the coal fields to the great port of Liverpool, and to the iron districts, has been the master-key to our industrial success.” — Edward Baines, British newspaper editor and politician, <i>History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain</i>, 1835 In contrast to the British pattern described in the excerpt, governments in continental nations like France and Prussia primarily fostered industrialization in the mid-nineteenth century through which of the following methods?

9. <b>Questions 1–3 refer to the passage below.</b> “Whatever may be the wider causes of the vast growth of the British cotton manufacture, its immediate and proximate causes are to be found in the great natural advantages of Great Britain. . . . We have the physical advantage of a climate which, though not the best for the growth of the plant, is arguably the best for the working of the fiber. . . . But the great advantage of our country is the possession of the most valuable coal mines in the world. . . . The steam engine is the parent of the cotton manufacture; and the steam engine is the offspring of the coal mine. . . . The proximity of the coal fields to the great port of Liverpool, and to the iron districts, has been the master-key to our industrial success.” — Edward Baines, British newspaper editor and politician, <i>History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain</i>, 1835 Which of the following factors most significantly hindered Eastern and Southern Europe from achieving the industrial success described in the passage during the early nineteenth century?

10. [Skill: 2.B | Topic: 6.3] **Source:** *Constitution of the Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate*, Germany, 1893. 'The object of the enterprise is the buying and selling of coal, coke, and briquettes... The Syndicate shall decide upon the price of purchase and sale... It shall regulate the production of each mine... and impose fines for overproduction or selling below the agreed price.' The agreement described in the excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following economic developments of the late nineteenth century?

11. [Skill: 5.A | Topic: 6.3] **Source:** Émile Zola, *The Ladies' Paradise* (Au Bonheur des Dames), a novel based on the Le Bon Marché department store, 1883. 'It was a cathedral of modern commerce... light, bright, and filled with a confusing array of goods... The women were swept away by the fever of spending, tempted by the displays of silk, velvet, and lace, piled high in a calculated disorder to entice the eye. Here, the customer was queen, and the new industry of advertising whispered that happiness could be bought for a few francs.' The development described in the passage best illustrates which of the following effects of the Second Industrial Revolution?

12. [Skill: 3.A | Topic: 6.3] **Railroad Lines Open for Traffic (in kilometers)** | Country | 1870 | 1890 | 1910 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | **Great Britain** | 21,500 | 27,800 | 32,100 | | **Germany** | 18,800 | 41,800 | 61,200 | | **Russia** | 10,700 | 30,600 | 66,600 | | **France** | 15,500 | 33,200 | 40,400 | Based on the table and your knowledge of the period, which of the following was the most significant economic consequence of the trend shown in the data?

13. <b>Source: Friedrich Engels, <i>The Condition of the Working Class in England</i>, 1845.</b><br><br>"The history of the proletariat in England begins with the second half of the last century, with the invention of the steam-engine and of machinery for working cotton... The victory of machine-work over hand-work effected a separation of society into two widely differing classes. The division of labor has been carried much farther than in the manufacture of the needle... The centralizing tendency of manufacture does not, however, stop here. Population becomes centralized just as capital does; and, very naturally, since the human being, the worker, is regarded in manufacture merely as a piece of capital for the use of which the manufacturer pays interest under the name of wages."<br><br>The developments described in the passage best illustrate which of the following changes in European society?

14. <b>Source: Sarah Stickney Ellis, <i>The Women of England: Their Social Duties and Domestic Habits</i>, 1839.</b><br><br>"It is the province of women to make home happy... her position is one of secondary importance, but of inestimable value... to be the comforter, the peacemaker, and the example of domestic virtues. It is her privilege to show that the quiet retirement of home is the place where the heart can best expand, and where the spirit can best be refreshed... distinct from the bustle of the marketplace and the anxieties of the political world."<br><br>The ideas expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with which of the following nineteenth-century developments?

15. <b>Source: Edwin Chadwick, <i>Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain</i>, 1842.</b><br><br>"That the various forms of epidemic, endemic, and other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated chiefly amongst the labouring classes by atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population in every part of the kingdom... That the annual loss of life from filth and bad ventilation are greater than the loss from death or wounds in any wars in which the country has been engaged in modern times."<br><br>The conditions described in the report were a direct consequence of which of the following?

16. <b>Questions 1–2 refer to the passage below.</b><br><br>“There is a rule of conduct common to individuals and to States, established by the experience of centuries as by that of everyday life. This rule declares that one must not dream of reformation while agitated by passion; wisdom directs that at such moments we should limit ourselves to maintaining. . . .<br><br>The first and greatest concern for the immense majority of every nation is the stability of the laws, and their uninterrupted action—never their change. Therefore, let the Governments govern, let them maintain the groundwork of their institutions, both ancient and modern; for it is at all times dangerous to touch them, and it is useless to do so now, in the heat of the present.<br><br>Let them be more than ever cautious in attempting real ameliorations, not as it were out of need, but in order to provide against the danger of the moment. . . . Let them guard against the prevalence of such a disposition in the legislative assemblies, by a prudent management of them; let them establish . . . the system of the solidarity of the powers.”<br><br>— Prince Klemens von Metternich, <i>Political Confession of Faith</i>, memorandum to Tsar Alexander I, 1820<br><br>The views expressed in the excerpt are best explained as a reaction against which of the following?

17. <b>Questions 1–2 refer to the passage below.</b><br><br>“There is a rule of conduct common to individuals and to States, established by the experience of centuries as by that of everyday life. This rule declares that one must not dream of reformation while agitated by passion; wisdom directs that at such moments we should limit ourselves to maintaining. . . .<br><br>The first and greatest concern for the immense majority of every nation is the stability of the laws, and their uninterrupted action—never their change. Therefore, let the Governments govern, let them maintain the groundwork of their institutions, both ancient and modern; for it is at all times dangerous to touch them, and it is useless to do so now, in the heat of the present.<br><br>Let them be more than ever cautious in attempting real ameliorations, not as it were out of need, but in order to provide against the danger of the moment. . . . Let them guard against the prevalence of such a disposition in the legislative assemblies, by a prudent management of them; let them establish . . . the system of the solidarity of the powers.”<br><br>— Prince Klemens von Metternich, <i>Political Confession of Faith</i>, memorandum to Tsar Alexander I, 1820<br><br>The author’s call for the “solidarity of the powers” in the last paragraph is best evidenced by which of the following developments in the period 1815–1848?

18. [Skill: 4.B | Topic: 6.6] **Source 1** > "Like a thunderbolt the news flashed from Paris to the furthest corners of Germany... The King of the French had been driven from his throne... The word democracy was on all tongues... We were all convinced that the day had come at last to break the yoke of the old order and that it was our sacred duty to help in the work." > — Carl Schurz, German revolutionary and later U.S. statesman, *Reminiscences*, describing events in 1848 The revolutionary enthusiasm described in the passage was most directly a response to which of the following developments?

19. [Skill: 2.B | Topic: 6.6] **Source 2** > "We have been convinced that the existing order of serfdom cannot remain unchanged. It is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until it begins to abolish itself from below... The welfare of the nation demands it." > — Tsar Alexander II, Speech to the Marshals of the Nobility, 1856 Which of the following best explains the historical situation that prompted the ruler's statement?

20. [Skill: 2.A | Topic: 6.7] **Source: The People’s Charter, Petition to the House of Commons, Great Britain, 1838** 'When the State is originally formed, it is the common right of all men to have a share in the legislation... We perform the duties of freemen; we must have the privileges of freemen. Therefore we demand universal suffrage. The suffrage, to be exempt from the corruption of the wealthy and the violence of the powerful, must be secret... We demand the ballot... We demand annual parliaments...' The demands expressed in the excerpt best reflect the specific goals of which of the following 19th-century political movements?

21. [Skill: 3.C | Topic: 6.7] **Source: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *The Communist Manifesto*, 1848** 'The theoretical conclusions of the Communists are in no way based on ideas or principles that have been invented, or discovered, by this or that would-be universal reformer. They merely express, in general terms, actual relations springing from an existing class struggle, from a historical movement going on under our very eyes... The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.' Based on the excerpt and your knowledge of European history, how did the authors distinguish their 'scientific' socialism from the 'utopian' socialism of the early 19th century?

22. [Skill: 3.A | Topic: 6.8] **Questions 1 refers to the passage below.** 'We have tried every other measure... we have to be militant. ... The argument of the broken pane of glass is the most valuable argument in modern politics. ... We are here, not because we are law-breakers; we are here in our efforts to become law-makers.' — Emmeline Pankhurst, *Freedom or Death*, speech delivered in Hartford, Connecticut, 1913 The arguments expressed in the passage best illustrate which of the following developments in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe?

23. [Skill: 5.B | Topic: 6.8] **Question 2 refers to the passage below.** 'In the progressive adjustment of the nation to the democratic conditions of the age, the Conservative Party has not been less forward than its rivals. ... It is the duty of the Conservative Party to maintain the Constitution of the country, but it is also their duty to promote the physical and social well-being of the toiling masses, and to ensure that the institutions of the realm are not utilized merely for the benefit of the few.' — Adapted from a speech by a prominent British politician, circa 1872 The political strategy described in the excerpt was primarily motivated by which of the following?

24. [Skill: 4.B | Topic: 6.9] **Source: Edwin Chadwick, *Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain*, 1842.** 'First, as to the extent and operation of the evils which are the subject of this inquiry... That the various forms of epidemic, endemic, and other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated chiefly amongst the labouring classes by atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population in every part of the kingdom... That the formation of all habits of cleanliness is obstructed by defective supplies of water. That the annual loss of life from filth and bad ventilation are greater than the loss from death or wounds in any wars in which the country has been engaged in modern times... And that the most important measures for the abatement of these evils are those which are within the recognized province of public administration, namely, the drainage, the removal of all refuse of habitations, streets, and roads, and the improvement of the supplies of water.' The arguments presented in the report best illustrate which of the following shifts in nineteenth-century liberalism?

25. [Skill: 2.B | Topic: 6.9] **Source: Jules Ferry, Speech to the French Chamber of Deputies regarding the creation of free, compulsory, and secular public education, 1881.** 'If you want to build a nation, you must first build a school. The primary school is the cornerstone of the Republic... In these schools, the teacher must not forget that he is not only an instructor, but an educator. He must teach the children to love their country, to respect its laws, and to be ready to serve it. We must remove the education of the youth from the hands of the Church, which teaches obedience to a foreign power [the Pope], and place it in the hands of the State, which teaches devotion to France. It is necessary that the Republic should take charge of the child to make him a citizen.' Based on the excerpt, the establishment of compulsory public education in the late nineteenth century was primarily motivated by which of the following?

26. The scene depicted in the image is best understood as a reflection of which of the following developments?

27. The construction of the building shown and the technologies it displayed were most directly a result of

28. The crowds of people shown in the image most likely represent the growing size and influence of which of the following social groups?

29. Metternich's argument in the passage best exemplifies which of the following political ideologies?

30. The "evil" that Metternich refers to as "concealed under the mask of philanthropy" was most directly a challenge from which of the following?

31. The political system that Metternich and his allies established to act upon the principles expressed in the passage was the

32. The authors' analysis of history is best described as

33. The development of the "Proletariat" as a distinct social class was a direct consequence of

34. The publication of this text in 1848 is significant because in that year

35. The map most directly illustrates which of the following historical processes?

36. A historian would most likely use the map to argue that industrialization in continental Europe was influenced by

37. The general lack of industrialization in Spain and Russia, as shown on the map, was most directly related to which of the following factors?

38. Which of the following best explains why Great Britain was the first country to industrialize?

39. The development of the Bessemer process was a major cause of which of the following?

40. The "cult of domesticity" that developed during the 19th century was most directly a reflection of

41. While the Revolutions of 1848 ultimately failed to achieve most of their nationalist and liberal goals, they did lead to which significant long-term consequence?

42. The modernization of Paris under Baron Haussmann in the 1850s and 1860s, which included the creation of wide boulevards, parks, and modern sanitation, was an example of

43. Nineteenth-century liberals and conservatives would have most likely agreed on which of the following?

44. The primary goal of the British Chartist movement in the 1840s was to

45. The passage of the British Factory Act of 1833 was most directly a response to

46. The development of new technologies like the telegraph and the telephone in the late 19th century contributed most directly to

47. Which of the following ideologies is most different from the others in its view of the role and necessity of government?

48. The activities of the Pankhurst family in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were primarily focused on which of the following reform movements?

49. The shift in liberal ideology from laissez-faire to interventionist policies in the late 19th century was primarily a response to the

50. The Paris Commune of 1871 was established in the immediate aftermath of